PESA is a less invasive procedure where sperm are retrieved from the epididymis, a small tube located on the back of each testicle that transports and stores sperm. A needle is inserted directly into the epididymis through the scrotum, and fluid is aspirated. The fluid is then examined to identify and retrieve viable sperm.

These procedures are typically performed when a man has a low sperm count, non-obstructive azoospermia (absence of sperm in the semen due to low sperm production), or obstructive azoospermia (absence of sperm in the semen due to blockage in the reproductive tract). They may also be considered in cases of previous vasectomy, congenital absence of the vas deferens, or certain genetic conditions.

It’s important to note that surgical sperm retrieval procedures are invasive and carry risks, including bleeding, infection, and damage to the surrounding structures. They should be performed by experienced urologists or reproductive specialists in a controlled medical setting. The retrieved sperm can be used in conjunction with assisted reproductive techniques to help couples achieve pregnancy.